Symbolism in A Shift in the Light by Patricia Glinton-Meicholas :: essays research papers

The novel A Shift in the Light by Patricia Glinton-Meicholas the author shows the vastness of family throughout the novel in many different ways such as the symbol of light, culture, values and ethics. The author uses light to symbolize the importance of staying finis to your family. She also uses culture to show that the house is mainly male dominated and finally she shows the values and ethics that the children follow by all throughout the novel.Patricia Glinton-Meicholas shows the sun symbolizing the theme of family because the sun never changes but the light can shift for example, your family is of all time there for you even when you don?t need them. some other example is when Cally stops talking to her family but in the end when she needed them the family was there to support her. The author writes that the family never goes away just like the sun, it is always there. But even though the light is there you can always turn/shift away from it, but in the end you have the election to continue to ignore the light or turned back and face the light. The light in this novel represents the importance of family and support.Culture in this novel is unrivalled of the biggest themes because it brings the whole family together. Throughout the novel there is times when they have big get-togethers where they cook for e trulyone and they talk and eat for hours. This brings out their culture through the gathering of the family and sacramental manduction a meal which is a big part of many people?s culture. Another culture in the book is that the men to be in charge of the household. In this novel Papa is the head of the household, he makes all the decisions and whatever he says goes. Finally it is culture for the women of the Bahamas to stay strong, proud of their heritage, and stay very traditional to their families and country.The values and ethics in this novel are an importance to the family because it gives the children and adults a guideline and reminder on how to act and what they strive for. From an early childishness the children are taught to be well mannered and if you?re a female, you are taught to act like a lady. Papa also taught them about their religion from when the girls were babies .

THE BLACK DEATH Essay -- essays research papers

The Bubonic Plague, more commonly referred to as the "Black Death," ravaged Europe between the years 1347 and 1350. During this short period, 25 million people, one and only(a) third of Europes population at the time, were killed. Thousands of people died each week and dead bodies littered the streets. Once a family member had contracted the disease, the entire household was ill-starred to die. Parents abandoned their children, and parent-less children roamed the streets in search for food. Victims, delirious with pain, often lost their sanity. Life was in total chaos. The Plague was a disaster without a parallel, causing dramatic changes in medieval Europe. Coming out of the East, the Black Death narked the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348 unleashing a rampage of death across Europe unprecedented in recorded history. By the time the epidemic played itself out three years later, anywhere between 25% and 50% of Europes population had fallen dupe to the pestilence. Pr imarily fleas and rats transmitted the Black Death. The stomachs of the fleas were infected with bacteria known as Y. Pestis. The bacteria would block the "throat" of an infected flea so that no blood could reach its stomach, and it grew ravenous since it was starving to death. It would attempt to suck up blood from its victim, only to disgorge it back into its preys bloodstreams. The blood it injected back, however, was now mixed with Y. Pestis. Infected fleas infected rats in this fashion, and t...

Essay on Benefits and Dangers of Virtual Reality :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Benefits and Dangers of Virtual Reality Although still in its, infancy, virtual naive realism allow for have a substantial effect on our future way of life. Virtual worldly concern already has made astounding progress in the human of commercial design, and it is predicted to have a tremendous impact on everyday life as well. Virtual creation, when more avail qualified, will have various uses ranging from cheer to basic communication. The applications of virtual reality into different fields of occupations and research will have both positive and negative effects on our society. Virtual reality can be defined as a, technology that enables users to enter computer generated worlds and interface with them three dimensionally through sight, sound, and touch (Newquist 93). Virtual reality combines computer make-believe and visualization into a single, coherent whole (Peterson 8). Researchers say it embodies an attempt to eliminate the traditional distinction between the user and t he machine. Virtual reality is intended to supply a means of naturally and intelligently interacting with information (8). Virtual reality is contending to be the interface of the future, allowing ordinary users to use their senses to interact with complex data. Virtual reality is a new exploration in science and technology using advanced and complex mechanics. Virtual reality allows for users to go far beyond only if looking at a computer screen. Instead, the user puts on a special suit or gloves equipped with fiber-optic sensors. These fiber-optic sensors are able to interpret body positions. The user also wears special goggles that have video screens and audio attachments. This equipment allows for the users complete immersion into a 3-D, computer generated, model of reality (Carr 37). The use of a two-way data transfer is what enables this interaction with an alternate reality to occur. Fiber-optic and electronic cables are attached to the virtual reality equipment in order to record the users movements (Newquist 93). These cables then send this information, called motion data, to workstations which modifies the graphics in the model. The new information is then sent back to the users headset, displaying a graphic and audio world that is time with his or her movements. It is because of this cabling process that the action/reaction information is continually updated (93). In order to effectively create a 3-D environment for the user, virtual reality combines the elements of immersion and interactivity. Immersion is the users contact with the virtual reality with as many senses as possible including sight, hearing, and touch.

Jacks in the box :: essays research papers

Pericles Ideology of Democratic Society.Democracy of today can be traced back to the Funeral Oration speech of Pericles. We can outline the ideology behind republic from his speech. Democracy is now the largest form of government to exist in todays society. There argon two forms of democracys that exist representational which is used by the United States, and Direct which allows the people to get involved and was used by the Greeks. So its said that Athenian democracy are much democratic than ours. Some even say that Pericles speech is the foundation of democratic society.The speech of Pericles was not only a tri preciselye to those who died in battle but it was also a contrast between the warring powers of Athens and Sparta, recorded by the historian Thucydides. In Athens society it was custom for someone of the companionship to give an acclamation speech for those who died in war. Pericles was chosen and gave a spectacular speech which sounds a lot like the speeches we hear tod ay from other leading of a democratic government. Pericles speaks about the special qualities and characteristics of the Athenians, and the faults of the Spartans.The theme of the speech is the thought that the Athenians were able to put aside what they want and strive for the greater good of the city. They are brought together by their mutual trust and a shared desire for freedom. Athenians submit to the laws and obey the public officials not because they have to, but because they want to. Athenians had achieved something crotchety ,being both ruled and rulers at one and the same time. This helped to create a new type of civilian. Athenians were able to adapt to any situation and rise to any challenge.Athenian law was not all written in books, based on peoples judgment the laws were administered on the guilty. According to Pericles Our Constitution does not copy the laws of inhabit states we are rather a model to others than imitators ourselves, this quote shows the Constitutio n is an inspiration to other government systems.

Themes Presented in Goblin Market by Christina Rossetti Essay -- Gobli

Themes Presented in Goblin Market by Christina RossettiChristina Rossettis used her poetry to express herself her workexhibits many autobiographical elements and from it the reader candiscern Rossettis emotions, beliefs and her comments on the societyshe lived in. As a female poet it would have been improper forRossetti to deal directly with these issues though and so her ideasare masked through appearing to be childrens poetry and having simplemeanings. Goblin Market superficially appears to a moral story about 2 sisters one of whom gives elbow room to the temptation of the goblinsforbidden fruits but through her poetic techniques Rossetti manages toembody her fears and desires.One of the desires Rossetti appears to have in this metrical composition is for arelationship similar to that of Lizzie and Laura the closing lines ofthe poem express the joys of having a sister To fetch one if one goesastray, but Rossetti had only brothers. This theme of friendship iscrucial to the plot of the poem and perchance Rossetti yearns for someoneshe can feel close to. Rossetti shows the difference between the loveLaura has for the goblins fruits and the love between the sistersthrough the use of parallelism. While Laura sucked the goblinsfruits until her lips were sore showing Lauras voraciousness as she givesway to temptation and gives a strongly physical image, Lizzie callingHug me, kiss me, suck my juices / Squeezed from goblin fruits foryou brings to mind Lizzies self-sacrifice - the difference ofLauras craving for the juices and Lizzies love for her sister isapparent. The image by Rossetti describing the sisters Like twopigeons in one nest creates a strong impression of the closenessbetween the two s... ...n comingbefore love in Rossettis life.Goblin Market contains many of the key themes that appear throughoutRossettis poetry. In typical Rossettian style it appears almostsuperfluous on eldest reading but subtexts hidden within it. The casualrhyming scheme suggest s that the work is a aimed at being childrenspoetry but the issues it deals with are clear adult. Early in thepoem Laura is described as rearing her glossy head and much later onLizzie is referred to as being stubborn as a horse thisdemonstrates that through repetition and subtle parallels Rossettimanages to show how both sisters are so similar and yet so far apart.Christina Rossettis use of poetic devices allows Goblin Market towork on several levels allowing her to write poetry both acceptable tothe society she lived in while also allowing her to express herself.

Themes Presented in Goblin Market by Christina Rossetti Essay -- Gobli

Themes Presented in Goblin Market by Christina RossettiChristina Rossettis used her poetry to express herself her workexhibits many autobiographical elements and from it the reader can take Rossettis emotions, beliefs and her comments on the societyshe lived in. As a female poet it would have been improper forRossetti to deal directly with these issues though and so her ideasare masked by coming into court to be childrens poetry and having simplemeanings. Goblin Market superficially appears to a moral story abouttwo sisters one of whom gives way to the temptation of the goblinsforbidden fruits but through her poetic techniques Rossetti manages toembody her fears and desires.One of the desires Rossetti appears to have in this poem is for arelationship similar to that of Lizzie and Laura the closing lines ofthe poem express the joys of having a sister To add one if one goesastray, but Rossetti had only brothers. This theme of friendship iscrucial to the plot of the poem and maybe Ros setti yearns for someoneshe can feel scrawny to. Rossetti shows the difference between the loveLaura has for the goblins fruits and the love between the sistersthrough the use of parallelism. While Laura sucked the goblinsfruits until her lips were sore showing Lauras greed as she givesway to temptation and gives a strongly physical image, Lizzie callingHug me, kiss me, suck my juices / Squeezed from goblin fruits foryou brings to mind Lizzies self-sacrifice - the difference ofLauras lust for the juices and Lizzies love for her sister isapparent. The image by Rossetti describing the sisters Like twopigeons in one nest creates a strong impression of the closenessbetween the two s... ...n comingbefore love in Rossettis life.Goblin Market contains many of the key themes that appear throughoutRossettis poetry. In typical Rossettian style it appears almostsuperfluous on first reading but subtexts hidden inside it. The casualrhyming scheme suggests that the work is a aimed at being chil drenspoetry but the issues it deals with are distinctly adult. Early in thepoem Laura is expound as rearing her glossy head and much later onLizzie is referred to as being stubborn as a horse thisdemonstrates that through repetition and subtle parallels Rossettimanages to show how both sisters are so similar and yet so far apart.Christina Rossettis use of poetic devices allows Goblin Market towork on several levels allowing her to frame poetry both acceptable tothe society she lived in while also allowing her to express herself.

APN Interviews: Caring, Competency, and Compassion Essay

The wellnesscare system is ever changing and the indispensableness for advanced act nurses will be in demand. I had an opportunity to interview dickens advanced practice nurses. Jolene and I met at her home in St. Charles, IL Jolene graduated from the University of Colorado at Denver in 2005 with a masters tier in nursing and was contributeed the title Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP). She got married and accepted a position as a Primary Care Provider at VNA Health Care in break of day, Ill. VNA Health Care is a federally qualified health center function the uninsured. In the year 2000, Jolenes mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. As a loving daughter, she supported her mother through a cancer free excursion today. From this experience, Jolene came in contact with all kinds of nurses and because she loves people of all ages, she became inspired to be a family nurse practician. I met Linda at her office at Women First in Aurora, Il. In 1974, Linda graduated from NorthernIll inois University with her BSN in nursing. Linda worked many years as a nurse in woman health, especially in the OB preaching section at Provena favor Center in Aurora, Il. In 1980, after her daughter entered grade school, Linda decided she wanted pursue a masters degree in nursing. In 1983 she graduated from the University of Illinois with a masters degree in nursing and earned the title Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM). Linda has worked in many in womans health practices with physicians and in 1997 established fair sex First, Inc., which specializes in obstetrics care and womans health from pubescence to menopause.Linda entered nursing because with her mother being an RN she was exposed to nursing growing up. When she was working as a labor and delivery nurse at Provena Mercy Center and personally experienced midwifery care with her daughters birth, this inspired Linda to become a aware nurse midwife Jolene and Lindas true day in the clinic are similar because they analyse pat ients. In family practice, Jolene will see 40 patients a day, ranging from school physicals, to immunizations, to managing uncontrolled diabetic patients. At Woman First, their practice is different because of OB care. Along with providing routine health care to women, CNMs take an on-call schedule at the hospital to give labor support and alleviate mothers deliver their babies. They also make hospital rounds with the practices inpatients and participate in turn ontee meetings for woman health. Caring and Compassion ring through the practices of these two APNs. At the VNA Health Center, Jolene is happy with her practice and the support she receives from the VNA family. She feels if she can educate diabetic patients, manage their care and listen to them, evidence from her practice shows the patients are to a greater extent compliant. Jolene practices with in her role as a FNP meaning she takes a holistic approach (mind, body, and spirit).Over 20 years Linda has pioneered midwifery care in the Aurora area. She was one of the first CNMs to deliver babies in the hospital setting using labor support and delivery of her patients. The hospital has supported midwifery are for to a greater extent than 20 years. Linda loves being a CNM. She feels very fortunate to practice and give comprehensive healthcare to women and to empower them to make fully informed choices in their health care. Evidence has shown a decrease of cesarean sections and increases of healthy birth outcomes at Woman First. The APNs sit for certification exam based on knowledge and the need to practice safely in NP specialty area.Jolene obtained certification from the American Nurses Credentialing Service (ANCS), a national certifying body. She received the title of Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP). Linda became certified through the American College of Nurse Midwives Certification Council (ACNMCC), and granted the title of Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM). Recertification for the FNP is every 5 years a nd for the CNM is every 8 years. Jolene and Linda shake full prescriptive authority and may prescribe schedule II-V but require around degree of physician needment. The medication schedule II-V involves controlled substances and non- controlled substances.Each practitioner has a DEA and NPI number. The DEA registration is required to prescribe controlled substances and NPI number is required on all non controlled substance prescriptions. Linda explained having full prescriptive authority gives her the freedom to practice midwifery care. Pregnant patients have the option to choose natural childbirth, a birth with some medication, or even epidural anesthesia. In order for APNs to practice in certain situations in Illinois APNs need collaborative agreements. Jolene commented that she has a supervisory collaborative agreement with a family practice physician at the VNA health center.It is a legal document between the physician and FNP stating the relationship and similar unique pract ice skills of each individual. Linda has had a collaborative agreement with the same ob./gyn physician for the then(prenominal) 20 years. They have built a close professional and personal relationship to give woman excellent health care. The purpose of this agreement is having special guides for CNM care, protocols and standing orders including prescriptive authority.Both women described their credentialing and privilege process within the VNA health center and at Proverna Mercy Center. Jolene went through an interview process with the compassionate resource department and the medical director of the health center. She supplied them with her application, licensure, education, and documentation of experience and clinical readiness.The process was different for Linda because clinical privileges at Provena Mercy Center involve a detailed processing. Credentialing is the first process same as Jolene the credential and competency documents are suppliedthrough the HR department. The d ifference in Lindas process, she received a recommendation from her sponsored physician and extensively interview with the medical review board. The result of the interview and information supplied is used to make a decision to grant privileges Both Jolene and Linda had a 90-day period of time focused on professional practice under their collaborative physicians.With ever-changing health care in APN practices prompt membership and participation is needed in professionals organizations. Jolene expressed she is not a member of the American College of Nurse Practitioners (ACNP) because of personal financial problems. Linda is a member of the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM). The example Linda gave was the ACNM is moving toward integrating certified midwives (CMs) with certified nurse midwives (CNMs). She is very interest in the legislation on this issue. Along that discussion I asked about furthering ones education to Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). Jolene commented in the future she would like to pursue her DNP along with her becoming a nurse midwife. The DNP is requisite because the APN scope of practice will widen and more education is needed. Linda received her DNP in 2012 at the University of Illinois. Linda took the clinician expert track in the DNP program because, later in her career, she may want to teach in the clinical setting.Jolene and Linda are both passionate about their practicesand proud of their regions to patient recovery. Jolene feels she has helped the underserved and enjoys the variety of disease management. She had a Latino man with uncontrolled diabetes. She expressed that patients with chronic diseases tend to have a fatalistic attitude. Jolene, through persistence, convinced him to seek nutritional consults and diabetic education, which caused the man to commit to be compliant and have healthy lifestyle. With Jolenes help, the man realized he was going to die if he did not take care of himself.Linda contribution to midwife ry and woman care is many years of delivering babies, not all deliveries are happy. Some babies are stillborn or babies are born premature, and some with undiagnosed congenital anomalies. Part ofLindas spiritual belief is that all babies are gifts from God and all life is precious. An example she related to me was about a Hispanic patient screaming in the labor room. The woman already received some medication for pain. The nurses were getting frustrated at this patient because of the everlasting yelling. This patient was not a typical midwife patient. Linda was on call when this woman came into the hospital through the emergency room with no prenatal care. Linda came to see the woman and sat down at the bedside and held her hand gently and stroked it her hand. The woman never cried out, Linda did labor support and delivered her baby. After the baby was born, the woman told Linda in downcast English that when she touched her the fear lifted from her.It was a pleasure to interview t hese 2 caring professional women from different APN career paths. Learning about their ingestion entering nursing, sharing day to day details, and the emotion expressed in their compassion for each area of practice. Gaining knowledge of the educational and credentialing process to insure competency in practice and patient safety. Lastly, hearing the personal accounts of their contributions and rewards for giving exceptional patient care.

Effects On Ocean And Coastal Environments Environmental Sciences Essay

mode alteration is impacting the major(ip) planet including coastal and nautical environments in a figure of ways. The impacts be non muchover related to increasing temperatures merely besides due to for spokesperson lessening in PH, sea academic level rise and altered forms of and cogency of air currents and storms.These phenomena turn out impacts on the ecosystem and a figure of economic activities including the oceanic exertion.The Oceans cover about 72 % of the Earth surface and provides a large(p) and varied life unbounded for countless species and Acts of the Apostless as the driving force over clime and conditions stages, specially on heat and fresh water. In add-on, these mass of piddle offer a profitable resourse for hoi polloi by dint of fishing activities, development of minerals, transportation, defence and leisure activities. ( Field et al, 2009 ) .Coastal zones form the outer boundary of the coastal sphere. Al near 60 % of people of universe popula tion lives here taking advantage of its natural resourses. ( Field et al, 2009 ) . Due to over population of these countries, such ecosystems are now in danger and demand to be nurseed for future coevalss. Maritime conveyance carries over 80 % of universe trade by volume and surely it is non isolated from clime alterations the type, scope and magnitude of impacts vary harmonizing to local conditions, transit systems, designs and policies, every bit good as the capacity to make and minimise the costs. ( UNCTAD, 2009 ) humour alteration is doing majuscule concern in publicA?s heads, going one of the most warmest issues in the docket of governmental establishments, international and environmental organisations roughly the Earth. Then, it is requisite that certain hindrance and disciplinary steps must be taken in order to get by with the damaging effectuate of clime alteration so as to guarantee that natural resoursess bequeath be so for future coevalss. A civilization of free pollution, preservation of natural resourses must be develop around the planet and among young person.Therefore, this paper lead depict the impacts of clime alteration on the planet concentrating on coastal and oceans countries. Its basic physical, chemical and biologic phenomena and at long last depart discourse the challenges and chances for the maritime industry.The function of oceans in the clime procedureThis immense mass of urine dramas an indispensable function in the clime procedure. They non except influence clime but besides are linked to the ambiance byHeat storageTransportation system of heat around the planetVaporizationFreezing and thowing in polar partsGas storage and exchangeDue to these functions, it throw out be notice that they are indispensable and it is necessary to take attention of them decently for the well-being of future coevalss. However, the world on behalf prosperity have been presenting raw(a) engineerings which have resulted in damaging effec ts for the planet. The most worring topic is the heating of the global ambiance. This takes topographic point when several gases are trapped in the ambiance and barricade the flower stalk of the earthA?s beam to infinite. ( Edgerton, 1991 ) . Despite the fact that this action is a natural phenomenon, the invariably human actions increases the effects of clime alteration.Climate alteration and its effects on the oceanOceans are in continual equilibrium with regard the degrees of CO2 and heat with the ambiance. Any fluctuation in regard of the measure of each of them in the ambiance will inevitable lead to alterations in the oceans as good. Therefore, the increase of these two factors charters the physical and chemical belongingss of oceans to change. There are five effects of clime alteration on the ocean which will be described in the undermentioned paragraphs, effects such as heater oceans, thaw of the poles, lifting sea degrees, alterations to the oceanA?s current systems and o cean acidification.Ocean acidification is one of the effects derived from clime alteration. Consecuently as oceans have dissolved inorganic C in three contrasting signifiers Bi change, carbonate and C dioxide when oceans take over CO2 from the ambiance in immense or inordinate sums due to the human action, the degree of CO2 in H2O additions doing H2O more acidic. ( sum of Concerned scientists, 2011 ) . This growing of CO2 reduces the sum of carbonate ions in H2O. Therefore, prevents coral let bolt floors and shelled marine animate beings like plankton who need carbonate ions, to organize calcium hydroxide that composes their skeletons and shells. These alterations endangers the marine chemical lore in add-on, acidification can besides impact ocean natural philosophies by melt off lowing the capableness of sound alky up and leting sound to go much further. Both vegetations and zoologies are in danger due to acerb H2O, tropical reef edifice corals, cold H2O corals, molluscs and lobsters.As mentioned before oceans has the ability to storage heat. Then, mode alteration whitethorn do oceans to storage randomly heat and consequence in heater oceans, which make H2O expands and do ocean surface rise. In add-on, the thaw of inland glaciers, Continental ice sheets and polar ice besides contribute to sea degree rise which have sound effects on conditions conditions by increasing the frecuency of implosion therapies and storms. Detriment of sea ice consequences in the loss of natural home desktop of several species like seals, seahorses, polar bear, penguins and besides affects the antartic home ground of the antartic krill which composes the bottom voice of the nutrient web. Furthermore, the warming oceans reinforce utmost conditions phenomenas such as hurricanes and typhoons level Marine ecosystems and people around the universe that depend on them to last. Phenomenas like coral bleaching, migration of species, alterations in behavior and in development of certain species and its sexual adulthood are atempting to the normal operation of marine ecosystems.Ocean major current systems may see alterations every bit good. These currents are driven by the interactions among different H2O multitudes and between these multitudes and the ambiance. ( Talley et al, 2009 ) . Ocean circulations are really complex and can go in different waies depending on how deep you look in the ocean, but the tribal chief beginning that drives all ocean circulations is the energy from the Sun ( air current and ocean denseness ) . Temperature and salt are the chief features of pelagic H2O, alterations in salt concentration at the ocean surface affect the weight of surface Waterss. Fresh H2O is light and floats on the surface, while salty H2O is heavy and sinks. Both, salt and temperature determine seawater denseness and opposition, driving the extent of ocean stratification, commixture, and H2O mass formation.Then harmonizing to Manabe and Stouffer 1993 Stocke r and Schmittner 1997.As the ambiance warms, alterations in the frozen Regions cause surface Waterss to go heater and freshman. Such a alteration could shed important impacts on regional clime systems, including new current, air current, and foolhardiness forms increased ocean stratification ( and the associated hinderances to perpendicular H2O motion ) and changes to upwelling and downwelling.There are oceansA?ecosystems which can be extremely affected by clime alteration. A good illustration is the marine nutrient web composed chiefly by plankton, seals, giants, sharks, tunas and worlds. Foods travel through oceans from bugs to giants ground for why alterations in any portion of the nutrient web can do dropping effects that modify full Marine ecosystems. Besides decresed upwelling because of warmer multitudes of H2O agencies that fewer foods from lower in the H2O column will do it to the surface.Warming temperatures cause migration of Marine species, due to the rise in temper ature in tropic countries some species are make to travel towards the poles. In add-on, these species may stand for a hazard for new ecosystems since they become invasive species.Harmonizing to old paragraphs, Climate alteration is the consequence of human treatment and causes several effects on the ocean which can impact its physical and chemical features every bit good as the marine ecosystem. Some of these effects are irreversible and can take ages to reconstruct them moreover, the purpose of international organisations every bit good as governmental 1s is to seek and happen the dress hat manner to continue natural resources for future coevalss.Climate alteration and its effects in coastal countriesCoastal countries are non the exclusion of the effects of sea degree rise, in fact deltas, barrier islands, Rhizophora mangles, wetlands and stuaries every bit good as coral reefs will be affected. Some of these are natural protections against hard storms forestalling amendss to t he coastal ecosystems and homo made installations.Coral reefs back up several species and supply shelter and nutrient to all of them, doing a extremely prosperous Marine ecosystem. Peoples besides take advantage of its fishing and touristry, besides, coral constructions serve as a natural barriers from unsafe ocean storms. Additions in planetary sea surface temperature imply that coral reef thermic thresholds will be exceeded more often and this is projected to ensue in more frequent and more intense coral bleaching events and subsequent widespread mortality. ( Herr and Galland, 2009 )Climate alteration and hence anthropogenetic nursery emanations affect coral reefs by doing seawater chemical science alterations, temperature addition, and low-lying rise. Besides, opprobrious fishing, pollution and invasive species increases the hazard of danger. Lower ocean PH and changed carbonate chemical science would diminish the calcification necessary for constructing coral reef stuff. ( Kenn edy, et Al. 2002 ) . Higher temperatures produces coral bleaching and even mortality. And in those coral reefs near coastal countries the sea degree rise may increase coastal eroding so corrupting H2O quality and forestalling light incursion which means that it will be more hard for algaes to bring forth photosynthesis. If coral reefs disapears it will make besides the biodiversity, piscaries and recreational activities will be surely be affected.Harmonizing to Kennedy, et Al. ( 2002 )In salt fen and mangrove home grounds, low-lying rise may submerse wetlands, waterlog dirts, and cause works decease from salt emphasis. Most wetland home grounds can last low-lying rise by migrating inland to countries of lessen tidal flood along undeveloped ( by worlds ) shores with comparatively soft inclines. Wetland fens are of import subscribers to the biological productiveness of coastal systems and map as babys live and as safeties from marauders for commercially of import shellfish and fish and for birds like some tracks, chumps, and terns. Rising sea degrees will ab initio increase entree to marsh surfaces by fish and invertebrates, possibly increasing their production in the short term ( e.g. , Gulf of Mexico runt crops ) .Estuaries are semi-enclosed multitudes of H2O in which fresh water and saltwater mix if alterations happens in fresh water tey will ensue in fluctuations in the estuary s salt, accordingly those beings who permantely live at that place have to accommodate themselves to such variableness. In add-on, these multitudes of H2O symbolize great chances for activities such as fishing.Worlds activities contributes to the bulnerability of islands which even a little rise in sea degree can do those barrier islands move toward the mainland through a procedure of beach eroding on their seaward border, overwash of monument across the island during storms, and deposition of the scoured deposit in the quieter Waterss of the inland bay. The rate of this natural mi gration depends mostly on the rate of low-lying rise, and besides on the frequence and badness of storms and hurricanes. ( Kennedy, et Al. 2002 ) .Climate alteration, challenges and chances for the maritime industryTo get down with, the term maritime industry involves non merely the shiping of certain lading to an specific port, in fact it includes a broad scope of activities for illustration designing of ships, building, runing age-related macular degeneration mantaining of ships, services such as stevedoring every bit good as transportation and cargo forwarding services. Then, in the epoch of clime alteration public concern about GHG emmissions released by transporting industry is deriving more and more attending and requires nautical industry and international organisations to take action.Presently, planetary action about stabilising GHG emanations at manageable degrees implies a great challenge and calls for new engineering, energy efficiency and finance to be revised and invest ed. planetary cooperation among scientists and applied scientists, international organizarions and policymakers are needed in order to lucubrate equal ordinances.At present, nautical industry is confronting two chief challenges sing Climate Changeto shortened down its part to planetary heatingto accommodate to the impacts of clime alterationThe manner maritime industry contributes with planetary heating is through transporting industry which carries more than 80 % of planetary trade. Maritime conveyance is responsible for 3,3 % of planetary CO2 emanations from fuel ingestion. ( IMO, 2009 ) . Due to its profitableness and efficiency ships tend to be constructed in big measures and bigger than of all time earlier. What in simple words means that the part to planetary warming done by GHG emanations from ships will increase excessively. The decrease of GHG emanations from ships represents a challenge for the industry, because transportation is already, by far the most carbon-efficienc y manner of commercial conveyance particularly when compares to aviation, but besides when compares to trains and trucks ( IMO, 2009 )The chief challenge here is to cut GHG emanations from international transportation without sabotaging development aims, and without endangering conveyance efficiency and trade facilitation additions ( UNCTAD, 2009 ) . The maritime conveyance have to face besides the impacts of Climate Change such as lifting sea degree, utmost conditions and lifting temperatures.The industry is increasing at higher degrees than of all time before and if things continue without a restrictive legal model, likely we will be confronting an increase of 150 % 250 % in the GHG from transporting around 2050 ( IMO, 2009 ) .In order to pollute less ships have to decelerate down the velocity, since high velocity requires more ingestion of sand trap fuel. The fuel used in transporting comes from crude oil which is extremely pollutant for the environment. However, as transportin g represents one of the major manners of conveyance of the Earth and carries about 90 % of universe trade, the thought of slow down the velocity will ensue in less industry of the shipper in presenting the lading, what will likely ensue in a loss of possible clients.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) trades with climate alteration issues but does non turn to GHG emanations from international transportation. For this ground, the International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) was encouraged to make so. Then in order to get by with this part the IMO has developed some steps, the cutting-edge is the IMO Resolution MEPC 203 ( 62 ) adopted on 15th July 2011. This Resolution adds a new chapter at the terminal of Annex VI of MARPOL that leads with Regulations for Energy Efficiency for Ships which establishes that an Energy Efficiency Design Index ( EEDI ) will be compulsory for all new ships, every bit good as a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan ( SEEMP ) will be compulsory for all ships as a portion of the Ship gum elastic Management System ( SMS ) .Harmonizing to the UNFCCC convention ( 2009 ) a topographic points a heavier load on developed states to cut down GHG emanations under the rule of common but differentiated duties . While developing states are non bound by any specified emanation decrease marks, by 2000 developed states had to cut down their GHG emanations to 1990 degrees. They are besides required to advance and ease the transportation of climate-friendly engineerings to developing states and to states with economic systems in passage.In simple words, developed states should assist developing states in cut downing GHG emanations by supplying them with all the engineering necessary to avoid pollution.The international community have proposed new thoughts and possible steps to cut down GHG emanations, for illustration Global emanation trading strategy and the Global levy on international maritime fuel ( IMO, 2012 ) . The former one, implies the buying of allowances which shippers will hold to subject harmonizing to the GHG that they create. Hence, shippers will hold the pick of either to cut down their emanations or buy their decreases from other sectors. The latter one, implies that when ship operators buy the fuel, some tax income enhancement will be added to its monetary value, that revenue enhancement will be used for investing in new friendly- engineerings.The challenge of cut down or cut GHG emanations from ships have lead to new engineerings to be considered as the posible solution to the issue of Climate alteration, which means that in order to integrate that new engineering into ships it will necessitate more investing in the portion of shipowners in order to follow with the new international steps. New ships with advanced engineering, all environmentaly friendly will be a great chance for the transportation industry. Other possible solution from the proficient point of position and a great challenge besides, is cut down fossil fuels ingestion and increase efficiency. And from the operational point of position, diements in the velocity direction and the efficient of the ships through a better cookery of the ocean trip classs.DecisionsClimate alteration affects coastal and ocean environments in many different ways. But non merely these are the 1s affected, besides the maritime industry is reached by the effects of clime alteration. Global clime alteration is predicted to impact air and H2O temperatures, low-lying rise, precipitation, air current forms, and the frequence and strength of storms.Changes in temperature can act upon reproduction, growing and can do some species to migrate to other ecosystems. In coastal countries, fens and Rhizophora mangles are of import subscribers to the biological productiveness of coastal systems are bulnerable to sea degree rise. Coral reefs are at peculiar hazard from planetary clime alteration since alterations in carbonate chemical science could decrease the copiousness of microscopic open-ocean workss and animate beings that build Ca carbonate constructions.The maritime industry has to confront two challenges in this epoch, to cut down its part to planetary heating and to accommodate to the impacts of clime alteration. The possibilities are to cut down fuel ingestion without losing efficiency and adopting and bettering new ways of planning ocean trips.However, both nautical industry and international organisations have to collaborate and work together to carry through the same end, which is no less than protect the environment and cut down in this instance GHG emanations.

My Childhood Memories in Ramadhan Essay

Everyone read a childhood memories in their life and are special for everyone. I was born and brought up in a happy family and Alhamdulillah ab out that. I want to share to all my readers about my childhood memories in Ramadhan. Every epoch when Ramadhan came the first thing that will come to my mind is Hari Raya. I feel very excited to celebrate Hari Raya. There are a lot of memories in Ramadhan still fresh in my mind among these is bye around the crossroads while holding the lantern after breaking fast, lit the candles around the gate of fellowship with sister, helping my mom making cookies for Hari Raya. The first memories that I was remember, when finish breaking fast I and my sister playing with friend.Then, we are together with friend walk around the village while holding the lantern. During that time, I walk while holding the lantern, suddenly candle in the lantern accidentally erased. I was so agoraphobic and then run to my sister because the road was dark. After arrive d at home, my render advise to me and sister not follow our friend walking around the village after breaking fast because road to dark and hazard. Second memories that I still remember is light wax around gate. I black out in house balcony and start light wax around house fence . Apart from that, I play fireworks with my sister. That delightful because my house like in the middle of circle light. I and my sister do not like light up kerosene lamp because of that complicate for a girl. Memories of childhood during Ramadhan last that I want share with all of you is we help my mother making biscuits for food Hari Raya.Each year, my mother do not miss to make our family favourite cookies. build of biscuit that my mother do is Mazola groundnut cookies and also cornflakes honey. I help my mother baked a biscuits and cleaning kitchen when we have been completed. Yet today, my mother have died and I do not will forget the memory because it a memory that is most beautiful with my mother. I am so dear my mother and also miss to her In summary, everyone have memories of childhood days in their life. Past memories make us have much experience to are endure on that full challenge. When remembering matter that after, I smile. Many my lesson can from incident which occurred. Remember we must be hearing parents instruction because they know what better for us. I hope me always remember memories of childhood days in Ramadhan because of that is memory that is lovely and delightful.

Impact of Government Restriction on Tobacco Smoking Essay

Introduction Tobacco weed is know to be a major health worry among many since the product is know to energize up to 60 carcinogens among them nicotine and carbon monoxide (Owing, 2005). Currently the hummer preponderance in the European region is estimated to be roughly 28.6% with the male having a elevateder percentage of 40% as compared to the female who rank at 18.2%. Health experts fork out always pinpointed heater as maven the killer habits contributing to high cases of mortality and many health hazards CITATION WHO07 l 1033 (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2007). In that regard many government select put measures to curb the habit. In this presentation we shall focus on the sens trends and limitations put by governments within the period 1974-1999 divided in 1974-1984 and 1985-1999.1974-1984Tobacco smoking in Britain has been on the dusk in the past 50 years. It is believed that in the period beginning 1974 the country experienced the highest decline in smokin g. This is compared to 1940s when prevalence was a high as 82%.Prevalence of smoking in the Great Britain for the period 1974-2012% 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 1998 2002 2006 2010 2012Men 51 45 38 35 31 28 28 30 27 23 21 22Women 41 37 33 31 29 26 26 26 25 21 20 19All 45 40 35 33 30 27 27 28 26 22 20 20Note Retrieved from ash.org.uk smoking statistics with information originating the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2012.Based on the above statistics it is evident that the period 1974-1984 experienced a s blueer decline in tobacco smoking as compared to the later period.The fact that this period was the first to experience such huge decline implies there must have been a general change in public attitude towards the habit. In this case the government played the role as a regulatory personify to curb a common habit that had become a vice. To control smoking habit among the people the British government used price accession to keep tobacco prices high. This was done through the introduction of taxes. Due to addiction effect of nicotine contained in tobacco the decline in the number of smokers was non very large even the though the habit is concentrated among the low income earners (Ewles, 2005).Despite the low smoking prevalence in the period 1974-1984 as compared to earlier years, counterbalances of non-smokers were non recognized. The government focused more of reducing smoking rates rather than reducing the effects imposed by tobacco smoke on tercet parties. Smoking in public was not regulated as smoking zones did not exist and not ofttimes research had been done of how the smoke asshole affect non-smokers without their consent. Individuals were free to smoke in public as no law enforced by the government was in place to control them. It is not just smokers who did not recognize that non-smokers have their rights but in addition non-smokers were not aware that they had rights to a smoke free environment.Generally the number of women smoking had also declined compared to earlier years. The trend continued to later years. Even though there was a decline still the number was high based on the statistics that by 1974, 4 in every 10 women were smokers. This figure dropped and by 1984 it was 3 out of 10. In this period of time smoking among women wasnt looked from the negative cheek but it came to be a concern when it was done in maternalism. Despite lack of much research about the effect of smoking in pregnant women in this period, there was general belief in the public that it was not ideal for a pregnant woman to smoke. A pregnant woman smoking was seen as irresponsible and not feel for about the child she was carrying. The concern here was about the intumesceness of the child whom the woman was carrying since he/she was being open(a) to the dangers of tobacco. However, such public concern did not affect the trend because smoking among pregnant women was common with women from low social class.The question whether decli ne in smoking was to the advantage or a disadvantage of all is an issue of concern. While tobacco industry was a big contributor to the tax revenue of the solid ground and created jobs, the same industry was linked to health and socio-economic challenges. In the period discussed many of the modify parties were the low class citizens who could otherwise used their funds in the right way rather than smoking. It problem worsened if they got health complications as this rendered them uneconomical. The efforts put by the government in this period to curb tobacco smoking were of colossal value because they focused on building the future nation rather than gaining tax revenues at the expense of the future.1985-1999 In this period of time the trend in tobacco smoking were in decline until 1994 when they remained constant. In general what this statistics imply is that the smoking prevalence in Britain may have begun to be constant at a rate of one smoker in every for individuals amo ng the adults. The trends here show that the number of women smokers was also getting closer to that of their male counterparts of which stand at 28% as compares 29% in men by 1994. Smoking among the young too increased in this period especially among the teenagers. Despite the low prevalence percentage as compared to preceding periods, the worry was about the stability trend. The trend showed that unless action be taken the prevalence rate in Britain would have begun to rise again CITATION Roy00 l 1033 ( Royal College of Physicians of London. Tobacco Advisory Group., 2000)Smoking during pregnancy was an issue of concern especially among the young and unemployed ones. This is because during this time much awareness had been created about the negative effects of smoking especially in pregnant women. Smoking in pregnancy had been known to cause immature cause and the children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy risked neo-natal mortality or sudden infant death syndrome, of asthma or wheezing illness in the first years of bearing CITATION Roy00 l 1033 ( Royal College of Physicians of London. Tobacco Advisory Group., 2000). On the other hand there was public perception that smoking during pregnancy affected the general growth of the child twain physically and intellectually. With this kind of information within the public a pregnant woman smoking was seen as not caring of the wellness of her child. Although a large number of women continued to smoke during pregnancy, statistics by the Health Education Authority (HBE) in 1999 showed that 10% of women who were smoking before pregnancy stopped the habit.Much awareness was also created of how smoking is likely to affect people who are not smokers but come into contact with the smoke. It was well known that an individual smoking in public is likely to cause more harm to individual who inhale the smoke. In that regard the government came with rules meant to discourage smoking in the public. This was based on acc eptance even among the smokers that non-smokers had rights to a clean environment. It is in this period that the government adopted policies that limited places where an individual could smoke. This was aimed at disapprove further increase in the number of smokers who could be easily influenced and also meant to protect the rights of non-smokers.To curb smoking the British government put more efforts in price increase through the use of taxes. However, this did not been seem to work due to various reasons attached to smoking among them being the addictive nature of the product. It is well known that nicotine substance contained in tobacco is addictive and price increase could not prevent individuals from continuing to use the product. On the other hand the uprightness of tobacco made it is easier for smokers to get it from cheaper sources that taxation didnt affect.The government also turned to campaigns through the media that targeted the youth to discourage the habit among them being banning of buttocks adverts. However, such campaigns were known to have poor results in terms of outreach among the young people. The hurdle the government was facing here is that in this period the young were affected as compared to the later whereby focus was put more on the adult population.The actions by the government to put restrictions on smoking were of broad importance to the society. indoors this period of time most firms in the UK were manufacturing their products outside the country unlike in the 1974-1984 when tobacco products were produced locally. This meant that no jobs were created for the locals within the country unless in fields like sales, marketing and distribution. Looking into the retail sector cigarettes were sold as secondary products since retailers had other products they majored in hence low returns from the tobacco products. On the side of the consumer it is known that in UK tobacco products are priced in a way that most of the cost is excise d uty. This implied that expenditure on the products did not stimulate the economy high as compared to other goods bought by the consumer (Ewles, 2005).Through the restrictions imposed the society benefited in terms of cost savings and a healthier population. This in turn benefitted both the government and citizens through saving on funds that could otherwise be used for health purposes. On the other hand the efforts to curb smoking were of great help to the future generation which could easily adopt to low smoking rates. Rules on public smoking also played an important role in societal wellbeing as they gave non-smokers their rights of a clean and healthy environment.ReferencesOwing, J. H. (2005). Trends in smoking and health research. New York Nova Biomedical Books.Royal College of Physicians of London. (2000). Nicotine addiction in Britain A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. London The College.Ewles, L. (2005). Key topics in public health Esse ntial briefings on prevention and health promotion. Edinburgh Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. stem document

Investing and Financing Activities of Wendy’s

During the year of 2012, cash used for investing activities of Wendys number $189 million, increased $131 million from 2011. The two largest investing activities appeared in Wendys statement of cash flow are great(p) expenditures and acquisitions. Cash great(p) expenditures of Wendys in 2012 totaling $197. 6 million, including $71. 9 million for reimaged and new Image Activation restaurants, $13. 5 million for new restaurants, $28. 0 million for point-of-sale equipment, $23. 2 million for the manifestation of a new building at its corporate headquarters and $61. million for various capital projects. In the middle of 2012, Wendys acquired 54 franchised restaurants. The purchase come inlay was $38. 1 million in cash. Wendys also agreed to lease the real estate, buildings and improvements related to some of the acquired restaurants which were considered part of the purchase transaction. Wendys did not start out any material acquisition-related costs. Some other important investin g activities involved the investment in limited partnerships of indirect 18. 5% interest in Arbys Restaurant Group, Inc. and approximately 11% cost method investment in Jurlique International Pty Ltd. On February 2, 2012, Wendys completed the sale of its investment in Jurlique and receive proceeds of $27. 4 million. Wendys did this because prior to 2009, Wendys had determined that all of its remaining $8. 5 million investment in Jurlique was impaired. Wendys realized that Jurlique chiffoniernot jockstrap them straighten out profit and decided to sell all of investment in Jurlique to protect stockholders equity. In the meantime, Wendys can use this money to strength their capital expenditures.The increase in cash used for investing activities is mainly because of the sale of Arbys in 2011. Wendys sold Arbys for $130. 0 million in cash and indirectly retained an 18. 5% interest in Arbys and during 2012, Wendys received a $4. 6 million dividend from the investment in Arbys. Wendys decided to sell Arbys because Arbys has been a weaker performer than Wendys in recent years after Wendys and Arbys were merged in 2008. We deem it wise to sell Arybs because Wendys no longer need to worry about the poor performance of Arbys but can earn the dividend.On the other hand, cash used for investing activities of McDonalds totaled $3. 2 billion in 2012, increased $596 million. The increase primarily reflected higher capital expenditures and lower proceeds from gross sales of restaurant businesses. During the year of 2012, the two largest investing activities appeared in the statement of cash flow of McDonalds are capital expenditures and sales of restaurant business and property. The two most important financing activities for Wendys are the proceeds from long-term debt and the re conductments of long-term debt.On May 15, 2012, Wendys entered into a character Agreement including a senior secured term loan facility of $1,125. 0 million, of which net proceeds was $1,113. 8 million with draws on May 15, 2012 and July 16, 2012. Proceeds from the 2012 marge Loan were used to repay the outstanding amounts under the 2010 Term Loan of $467. 8 million, to redeem and purchase the outstanding Senior Notes of $565. 0 million and to pay substantially all of the Credit Agreement fees and expenses. The outflow of 2012 Term Loan constituted the second largest financing activity, the repayments of long-term debt.In these two activities, we can find out that Wendy uses almost 85% of the 2012 loan to reimburse its previous debt, which shows us that the company does not have enough debt-paying ability. A good company who has the ability to make profit to repay previous debt and make another investing is what all stockholders want to see, not using new loan to redeem old loan. In conclusion, we do not agree Wendys using these financing activities. They should improve their operation activities to increase profit.

China Education System Needs

China educational activity System Needs to be Changed on College Entrance Exam Introduction Getting up at 6 a. m. in the morning, after breakfast, then go to instill to begin reading books or reciting textbooks. This was how I began my schooldays life when I was in high school. I start my school life and study at 7 a. m. in the morning and until 9 p. m in the evening. When all my classes were everywhere I could back home, but it did not mean that I spate relax and go to bed. When I back home take a shower bath and continue studying until midnight. When I start our second form in high school, I accept to choose a major arts or science.I choose arts in high school, so except Chinese, math and English, which everyone need to learn, I also needed to take politics, story and geography class. For sstudents who chose science, they need to take physics, biology and chemistry class instead. All Chinese sstudents pee to study so hard for a reason the college entrance mental testing, also called gaokao in Chinese. at that place are over ten million sstudents taking this exam every year in China. Only a small group of sstudents bottom pass this exam to live on into the top university and get further education.When we take the college entrance exam, and sstudents in different majors need to take different exams. There are two different tests, one for arts and one for sciences. And sstudents who major in arts need to remember lots of information sstudents who major in science need to lots of homework. Many sstudents who cannot pass it may continue studying and take gaokao the next year or just go to a university that is not so good. As our parents say, this is an exam that decides our whole life. So, it is easy to know how much pressure we have when we face this exam.I want to argue in this try out that I think China should provide the college entrance exam twice a year and, furthermore, should avoid using the exam alone to determine which sstudents can atte nd the best colleges. Making these changes can reduce the pressure on sstudents so that they can enjoy themselves and pursue other academic and non-academic interests. Some understate about Gaokao The gaokao that we take today was began at 1978. At first it was held in July every year, from 2003 it begins hold in June every year because July is too hot.In China, the Compulsory Education Law that every single child must receive education at least for nine years. They need to start learning in kindergarten amongst age three to six. After three years in kindergarten, they need continue through primary school, middle school and then, for some people who have privilege to get higher education. There are two different levels of Chinese universities. The first category awards undergraduate diplomas and bachelor degrees following four years of study, whereas the second group awards undergraduate diplomas after two or three years. To enter these universities sstudents must sit the gaokao. According to an author Davey, The exam in China is at last under the control of the National Examination Authority within the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Education co-ordinates and oversees the writing of exam questions, whereas lower-level government is responsible for printing and delivering the exam papers, as intimately as arranging exam centers, marking and reporting results (Davey, 387). After several decades gaokao has become the most master(prenominal) exam for all China sstudents. Every year in June 7 and 8, two days that gaokao hold, it is just like a festival for examination.Sstudents take exam in local schools but not the school where they take class every day. When we enter the examination hall we cannot bring anything but a pen and student card. There is no calculator and vocabulary when we take exam. On the first day of exam, we take Chinese test in the morning for two and half hours. In the afternoon we take the mathematics for two hours. It is a hard time when we finish our first day of exam. I remember when I finished the first day of exam, I mat up a little bit relax because I pass math exam that was the most difficult part for me.I just glanced over my politics and history books prepared for next day. On the second day of gaokao, sstudents who major in arts take the test including politics, history and geography in the morning. Sstudents who major in sciences need take the test including physical, chemistry and biology. Last test is English in the afternoon of second of exam. In these two days police leave alone come out to direct traffic and make sstudents can arrive to examination hall on time. Parents are all worried about their children and umpteen of them just stand outside of the examination hall wait till exam is over.It is a very common phenomenon through this time period. For us, when we start our school life, be successful in the gaokao is our ultimate goal for every student. It is just like a battle that have n o gun and smoke. It is very demonstrable to know why we have no time to enjoy our spare time to play games, or just hang out for a day. The exam is very stressful, when we start to prepare for it is stressful as well. Less time to sleep, when we get into last year in high school, we even have no PE class just major classes all day long.Zheng, a writer from Research Center of High Education Development introduces that, As the most important educational examination system of present-day China, the college entrance exam, while shouldering its original task of selecting qualified new sstudents for colleges and universities, also holds multiple jobs, pperforming educational, cultural, political, and other multifaceted companionable functions (Zheng, 15). Gaokao even cares about our future career. A student graduate from the top university have a soften chance to get good job than a student just graduate from normal university.The argument Zoninsein, a newsman from Slate Magazine argu es Essentially, Chinese universities accept those sstudents who are good at taking tests. This makes sense for an educational system historically oriented toward rote learning, where sstudents are tested on how well theyve memorized their teachers lectures. Mary, who is about to graduate from the Beijing Foreign Languages University, admitted she had numerous brilliant friends who simply didnt test well. They retook the test after another year of studying and enrolled wherever their scores permitted (Zoninsein).As we all know, China has the largest number of people in the whole world. It is easy to image that how much pressure that Chinese sstudents face when they need to find a job. There is a social phenomenon have been in China for so long that if a student graduates from top university it mearns that he or she can find a good job. Benjamin a reporter from TIME net report this in 2007 This year, close to 10 million Chinese sstudents sat for the gaokao, starting June 8. Sstudents who perform superlatively can expect to be courted by the nations top schools the rest find spots in provincial universities or two- and three-year colleges.For the 40 ppercent of test-takers who fail, theres always next year or enrollment at one of Chinas less-selective private institutions. As Chinas economy booms, job competition has become ferocious and the pressure to land a prestigious degree can be unbearable(Benjamin). Indeed, there are also many unfair phenomena in the college entrance exam. For example, sstudents who take the exam in different place may get different grades during the exam. Sstudents who live in big city like Beijing and Shanghai can pass this exam easier than the sstudents who live in region area.Because there are many good universities in Beijing and Shanghai, when they enroll new sstudents they need sstudents grades for gaokao, the university treat local sstudents and nonlocal sstudents in different way, they treat local sstudents better than nonloca l sstudents. For instance, two sstudents get the same grades in gaokao, one of them is local student in Beijing, and the other one is not a local student. In this situation, the local student can get enrolled in Beijing University but the nonlocal student may not. The exam seems to create inequality among Chinese sstudents in different regions.

The Benefits of British Rule

Brett Fields World History II Section 003 professor Haug India was a British colony in the 18th century between 1858 and 1947, the Indian solders assisted the British to conquer India, and they were however misdiscreetnessed at the pass on of their colonizers and denied higher positions which they were qualified for. This was a strategy used by the colonizers to ensure that they maintain control and power over the natives. Moreover Indians were traded as slaves to other British colonies where they provided free labor which enhanced the growth of the Britain economy.In the process of exploiting India, the British reformd the transport system through construction of roads and railways to ease the transportation of manufacture goods such as textiles and machines. The improved transport system eased the movement of goods and people and improved. People were able to access the market easily and it led to the blossom out of trade. The judicial system was improved through establishmen t of law courts where disputes and cases could be settled amicably.In order to incorporate democracy, schools and universities were established, since the native only spoke in their bring forth tongue, they had to be taught English for easier communication. Christianity was also introduced by the missionaries, who also did some translation of the bible to the native Arabic languages. British rule in India had both benefits and detriments to the citizens. To sop up with the benefits experienced includedThe Indians had a practice of burying their widows alongside their married mans corpse.They could be tied to a pile to prevent them from running away, a practice termed concremation, the British outlawed the practice and introduced a rule where the Hindu widows could be remarried. Schools and universities were introduced this assisted the natives to obtain an education which would play a role of destiny them increase their knowledge and hence led to better equipped individuals who w ere to improve their countries economy.The improved civilization helped reduce oppression caused by the rulers. There was freedom of speech, linkup which ensured justice prevailed among the natives. Democracy was introduced such that Indians had an opportunity to select their leaders. There was increase in exports with the improved transport system, goods such as tea, indigo were transported to other countries which ensured that they acquire foreign exchange and lead to improved economy.The Indians were issued with loans from England. This money was used in constructing railways to ease transport and in irrigation of the plants Despite all these benefits the native Indians also face some detriments on the other hand, these included Indians were denied political positions the British believed the admission of natives to high offices must be effected slowly. This was to protect their interests and power over the Indians such that they could not be overthrown.As Macaulay puts it Pro pter vitam vivendi perdere causas,To lose the reason for living, for the sake of staying alive. Many atomic number 18 the times when the British breached the promises and pledges do to the native on their inclusion to the organisation of the county. New modes of taxations were devised, but the natives never had the means to raise the money to be paid as tax. This was an exploitative move by the Britons it change magnitude the inequitable fiscal relation between England and India.The British established a textileindustry in Britain and would buy wool at a cheaper price from India manufacture clothes and sell them to the Indians at an expensive price. This exploitation lead many Indians being unemployed. On the contrary the Britain economy improved greatly, on account of the materials from India. The British main role in India was to bring civilization to the people. They did this by establishing schools and universities where the locals improved their knowledge.With education cam e the need to do away with some of the traditions which were detrimental to the society well-being. Widows were not required to marry again after the demise of their husbands There was creation of social amenities such as health centers and hospitals which in general helped reduced the number of deaths greatly as the people could seek medical attention from the hospitals as opposed to other traditional methods which were less effective.The transport system was also improved by construction of roads and railway lines. This eased the movement of people from one place to another as they took part in trade. Certain industries were set up, which provided employment opportunities and increased the amount of goods available to be transported as exports. The missionaries visited India during this colonial period and introduced Christianity to the Indians. Since they had to learn how to read the bible, they went to school and got he necessary skills which would later be required as some of them became clergymen. They also used the knowledge acquire in bible translation to help spread the gospel to the natives were not conversant with the English language. The British aimed to reduce the dependency of the natives this was a selfish move as they only targeted the improvement of their economy. Most Indians knew only their vernacular language as such it was unwaveringly for them to be educated by use of their mother-tongue.They were taught a foreign language English which eased the communication especially in the schools, since the tutors were of British origin. Some translations of the books were made to the Sanscrit and Arabic dialect which were the common native languages. Indian writers Dadabhai Naoroji and Raja Rammohan Roy have given an opinion as to how they viewed the British rule in the 18th century. some(prenominal) of them agree that through the British rule, India has developed, despite the developments observed, they also enumerate some weaknesses ac tailor -madeing the colonization period.Dadabhai Naoroji appreciates what the British did for his country as he clearly states in his succinct the British rule has been morally, a great blessing politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on the other materially, impoverishment, relieved as far as the railway and other loans go. He appreciates the effort done to improve an otherwise dwindling economy. As Naoroji summarized the benefits A slowly growing desire of late to treat India equitably, and as a country held in trust. Good intentions. No nation on the face of the earth has ever had the opportunity of achieving such a vivid work as this.I hope in the credit side of the account I have done no injustice, and if I have omitted any compass point which anyone may think of importance, I shall have the greatest pleasure in inserting it. I appreciate, and so do my countrymen, what England has done for India, and I know that it is only in British hands that her regeneration can be a ccomplished, it can clearly be alluded that he was in full support and appreciation of what the Britons did to improve his country India. Raja Rammohan Roy studies extensively the practice of burning widows alive.He gives a defense on why women should not be considered as the inferior gender if they are not given an equal opportunity as their male counterparts as he outlines If, after instruction in knowledge and wisdom, a person cannot cop or retain what has been taught him, we may consider him as deficient but as you keep women generally void of education and acquirements, you cannot, therefore, in justice mark on their inferiority. Many accusations are thrown at women which Roy considers as injustice as he enumerates in his article, these accusations do not have any undercoat whatsoever as he advocates for them to be disregarded.Roy in regard to marriage arrangement had this objective with respect to their subjection to the passions, this may be judged of by the custom of mar riage as to the respective sexes for one man may marry two or three, sometimes even ten wives and upwards while a woman, who marries but one husband, desires at his death to follow him, forsaking all worldly enjoyments, or to remain leading the austere life of an ascetic. In their defense, Roy maxim it not fair for a man to have many wives and fail to provide for her and her children.In such situations the woman would rely on her brothers and father for the children upkeep. Where a husband takes two or three wives to live with him, they are subjected to mental miseries and constant quarrels. The benefits outweigh by far the detriments brought about by the British rule. It has improved the Indian economy greatly in all sectors that is politically, socially, economically. The Indian authors seem to support this fact as they seek ways in which they can reduce the disallow effects. References Bose, Sudhindra. Some aspects of British rule in India,. Iowa City The University, 1916.Embr ee, Ainslie Thomas. Charles Grant and British rule in India. New York Columbia University Press, 1962. Eraly, Abraham. India. New York, N. Y. DK Pub. , 2008. Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi S. Chand, 1964. Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India a historical sketch.. capital of the United Kingdom Smith, Elder and Co. etc. , 1857. Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. mount and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London Macmillan and Co. , 1934. 1 . Bose, Sudhindra.Some aspects of British rule in India,. Iowa City The University, 1916. 2 . Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India a historical sketch.. London Smith, Elder and Co. etc. , 1857. Bose, Sudhindra. Some aspects of British rule in India,. Iowa City The University, 1916. 3 . Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India a historical sketch.. London Smith, Elder and Co. etc. , 1857. 4 . Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India a historical sketch.. London Smith, Elder and Co. etc. , 1857. 5 . Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India a historical sketch..London Smith, Elder and Co. etc. , 1857. 6 . Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi S. Chand, 1964. 7 . Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi S. Chand, 1964. 8 . Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi S. Chand, 1964. 9 . Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London Macmillan and Co. , 1934. 10 . Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt.Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London Macmillan and Co. , 1934. 11 . Eraly, Abraham. India. New York, N. Y. DK Pub. , 2008. 12 . Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London Macmillan and Co. , 1934. 13 . Embree, Ainslie Thomas. Charles Grant and Briti sh rule in India. New York Columbia University Press, 1962. 14 . Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London Macmillan and Co. , 1934. 15 . Eraly, Abraham. India. New York, N. Y. DK Pub. , 2008.

Romeo and Juliet, and War Poetry Comparison Paper

How well does Baz Lurhmanns adaptation if the script show the theme of conflict? I signify Baz Lurhmanns adaptation of Romeo and Juliet strongly shows the theme of conflict throughout the entire film, in which it is retold for the modern viewers.Baz Lurhmann shows at the start of the film two sky high building with Montague and Capulet in bold lettering at the top, this shows how the two families have a lot of rivalry, such as in the business world of nowadayss society which a lot of people can relate to also the fact they ar both nearly at a war about something nobody knows anything about Ancient sexual conquest, I think this is the base point of the build up of conflict in the film. Lurhmann also utilise quite modern weapons such as guns and drugs which I think is easier for people to understand, as it is up to watch which world today.In nearly every shot in the film at that place is a gun which shows the sum total of tension and rivalry between everyone and how this leads into the conflicts. Also Lurhmann choose to represent the different houses in the form of gangs which a lot of people now days can understand in a sense which there is always a lot of conflict to protect yourself and your family name. I think Lurhmann has achieved exactly this in prompt 1 Scene 1. The conflict shown in this scene is incredible in a way in which it is brought up how something very small can lead into something big and cause a lot of injure and disruption.

Computer and Internet Effects on Society

In straighta agencys society the world could non function 10 minutes with come forward the applied science it has readily operable for its inhabitants. The world today is too depended on the convienience that these growths of future abilities offer. They make entertainment, work, social networking, education, and communication so a great deal easier. However, there atomic number 18 some signifi laughingstockt negative effects like, eye sight problems, social problems, and widely distributed laziness issues. The question is, do computing machines and cyberspace benefit or devastate society.Computers and internet has advanced human race in various ways. One way includes typing reports. Before information processing systems were invented people had to use typewriters which were more drawn-out and if the writer made a mis sign up, he or she would assume to c all over it up with white sign quite than backspacing. other example of something that computers and the intern et fuck off changed, is the way people atomic number 18 entertained. Not lonesome(prenominal) can a soulfulness play games on a computer, but they can also put one across movies, socialize, find new people, listen to music, and create extremely awing works of art.Also before computers and the internet, the only way of get togethering knowledge was liter on the wholey through others speeches or reading articles, books, magazines, or whatsoever other printed document. Now, computers and the internet makes all of this incredibly convenient. In todays society people more than likely could not notwithstanding function without the internet, let alone gain knowledge because more and more kids are reading slight and less books due to the internet. In most ways computers are beneficial to society, one major(ip) way is through that of the work force.In general, a computer makes typing, which is needed by nearly every profession in one way or another, easier to do. Computers are muc h faster than old typewriters and obviously faster than reach out writing anything. Another reason why they make typing more convenient is the backspace key. stand when it was the typewriter, if a person made a mistake while typing they had to take out the paper and put white ink over the mistake. Or if it was a giant mistake, the writer would then have to take a completely new piece of paper and start anew.Also, instead of looking up how to spell word in the dictionary or knowing how to spell every word in the English language, if the writer were to misspell a word on the computer, it would show an derror on the scree, therefore cut back mistakes as well. In saying this, computers save a vast amount of paper due to not writing directly on the paper itself. Another way computers benefit the work force is through email. These instant messages go from person to person, or from one person to a quantity of people.This, compared to writing out one letter, or notwithstanding making mu ltiple letters, saves time and is more convenient. Again this method go out save paper which in turn helps save the environment. Yet another great example of how computers and internet benefit the work force is through online communication. A specific example of this is video calls. A person who needs to go across the world to present something to a business partner for example, could easily honorable setup a video call and presen right from his or her own office to another computer somewhere else.This gaain is convenient in saving traveling time and saving money the person would have to spend to travel to wheresoever was needed. Furthermore, another benefit is a job itself. With todays technology people have designing careers that need a computer to make, view, or edit photos and movies. They can take a picture with a camera, upload it to a computer, and begin their own form of artwork on the photo. In general there are countless ways that computers effect the work force. Another major benefit computers have to offer is that they improve everyday normal living.One way they do this is by fortune people manage their financials. With a computer, a person can open a spreadsheet, create a budget, and manage that budget over time. This could help a person save money in the colossal run. Also, computers come with on board calculators so there is no need of getting one yourself. Another way computers make everyday life better is that in all appliances, microwaves, ovens, televisions, washer and dryers etc. , and handheld devices, mp3s, phones, or any other media device, all have whats called embedded systems which is like a miniskirt on board computer.Without these systems our laundry would take longer to clean, our food would be harder to prepare, and entertainment like movies, shows, or music, might not even exist. Also, people can go onto the internet to research a product before they buy it. This would save time and money because instead of going to the store to ask guest support about a product, a person can look up online what the product has to offer. revisal it if they would like, and someone else can deliver it for them. Although these tasks can be done without a computer, the invention makes doing such tasks much easier. An example of this is something previously mentioned, entertainment. People are able to access millions of websites that offer movies, short videos, games, or music. Because these are so easy to get to people can entertain themselves as much as they would by going out to the movies or going to an arcade. Something else that computers make easy is making cards. There are computer programs that help a person setup any type of card they need, which would save money rather than going out and buying one from a store. Yet another ability computers make easier is communication with people.People are able to go online and get on video lambaste and talk to someone across the world with no problem. If a family member is on vacation and would like to talk with you more than over the phone, he or she could just open up a computer and be incline to face with whoever theyd like. Also, online gaming provides a vast opportunity to talk with people. The chat boxes that these games provide hosts hundreds, or even thousands of people at a time, all able to talk with each other. Along these same lines lies online chat rooms.People can get on one of these websites and talk with people from around the world, this function is sometimes utilize for online dating as well. If these ways of communication are not available then there are always emails. These are like notes passed to one another but instead of across the room, its to wherever the sender would like. Communication with others is growing as an application of computers by children, particularly as more homes and schools gain access to the internet. A fourth way computers and internet impact society is through education.Computers are proper less and less expensive so schools are able to afford more and more of them. Computers can help kids learn by having software that teaches them the needed information for a class. Also, with the internet, kids have millions of sources to gather for any necessary research papers or projects. There are online textbooks, so if a kid forgets his or her book at school, they can access the exact same information online. Another example is that online games that tame are very helpful to learning children.

Conflicts of Globalization and Restructuring of Education Essay

The kinsfolk 11 terrorist attacks pack generated a wealth of theoretical reflection as easy as regressive governmental responses by the Bush administration and other governments (Kellner, 2003b). The 9/11 attacks and subsequent Bush administration legions response have dramatized at one time again the centrality of orbicularisation in contemporary experience and the need for sufficient conceptualizations and responses to it for critical theory and pedagogy to maintain their relevance in the constitute age. In this article, I demand to argue that critical educators need to comprehend the conflicts of globoseization, terrorist act, and the prospects and obstacles to democratization in order to develop pedagogies adequate to the challenges of the present age.Accordingly, I begin with some comments on how the family line 11 terror attacks call attention to key aspects of orbiculateisation, and then provide a critical theory of globalisation, after which I suggest some pedagogic initiatives to aid in the democratic reconstruction of education after 9/11.1 September 11 and globalisation The terrorist acts on the United States on September 11 and the subsequent Terror War by means of step to the fore the earthly tending dramatically disclose the downside of globalisation, and the ways that global flows of technology, goods, in strivingation, ideologies, and people notify have annihilative as rise as productive effects.2 The disclosure of powerful anti-Western terrorist meshs shows that globalization divides the initiation incisively as it unifies, that it publishs enemies as it incorporates participants. The events break dance explosive contradictions and conflicts at the heart of globalization and that the technologies of information, communication, and transportation that facilitate globalization croupe overly be spendd to undermine and attack it, and generate instruments of final stage as well as production.The experience of Sept ember 11 points to the objective ambiguity of globalization, that positive and interdict sides ar interconnected, that the institutions of the open society unlock the possibilities of destruction and violence, as well as res publica, guiltless dispense, and cultural and manakinly exchange. Once again, the interconnection and interdependency of the networked origination was dramatically demonstrated as terrorists from the Middle East brought local grievances from their region to attack key symbols of US military power and the very infrastructure of Wall Street. Some see terrorism as an scene of the dark side of globalization, duration I would conceive it as part of the objective ambiguity of globalization that simultaneously creates friends and enemies, wealth and pauperization, and growth divisions between the haves and have nots.Yet, the downturn in the global economy, intensification of local and global governmental conflicts, repression of human rights and civil libe rties, and general increase in fear and anxiety have sure as shooting undermined the nave optimism of globophiles who perceived globalization as a purely positive instrument of progress and well-being. The use of powerful technologies as weapons of destruction excessively discloses current asymmetries of power and emergent forms of terrorism and war, as the crude millennium exploded into dangerous conflicts and military interventions. As technologies of mass destruction become much unattached and dispersed, perilous instabilities have emerged that have elicited policing measures to stem the flow of movements of people and goods across borders and internally.In particular, the U.S. patriot Act has led to repressive measures that argon replacing the spaces of the open and free information society with parvenu forms of surveillance, policing, and restrictions of civil liberties, thus significantly undermining U.S. democracy (see Kellner, 2003b). Ultimately, how of all time, the abhorrent terror acts by the bin Laden network and the violent military response by the Bush administration whitethorn be an anomalous conniption whereby a highly regressive premodern Islamic fundamentalism has clashed with an old-fashioned patriarchal and unilateralist Wild West militarism. It could be that much(prenominal) forms of terrorism, militarism, and state repression will be superseded by to a greater extent rational forms of political science that globalize and criminalize terrorism, and that do not sacrifice the benefits of the open society and economy in the name of security.Yet the events of September 11 may open a new era of Terror War that will lead to the var. of apocalyptic futurist world depicted by cyberpunk fiction (see Kellner 2003b). In any case, the events of September 11 have promoted a fury of reflection, theoretical debates, and political conflicts and upheaval that put the Byzantine dynamics of globalization at the center of contemporary theory and politics. To those skeptical of the centrality of globalization to contemporary experience, it is now go past that we are living in a global world that is highly interconnected and vulnerable to passions and crises that can cross borders and can affect anyone or any region at any time.The events of September 11 and their aftermath also provide a test case to evaluate various theories of globalization in the contemporary era. In addition, they highlight some of the contradictions of globalization and the need to develop a highly colonial and dialectical model to capture its conflicts, ambiguities, and contradictory effects. Consequently, I argue that in order to properly ponder globalization one inescapably to conceptualize several sets of contradictions generated by globalizations combination of scientific revolution and restructuring of capital, which, in turn, generate tensions between capitalism and democracy, and haves and have nots. Within the world economy, globalization involves the proliferation of the logical system of capital, but also the spread of democracy in information, finance, investing, and the diffusion of technology (see Friedman, 1999 and Hardt and Negri, 2000). Globalization is thus a contradictory amalgam of capitalism and democracy, in which the logic of capital and the market system enter ever more arenas of global life, even as democracy spreads and more political regions and spaces of day-after-day life are being contested by democratic demands and forces.But the overall process is contradictory. Sometimes globalizing forces promote democracy and sometimes inhibit it, thus either equating capitalism and democracy, or simply debate them, are problematical. The processes of globalization are highly turbulent and have generated intense conflicts throughout the world. Benjamin Barber (1996) describes the contest between McWorld and Jihad, contrasting the homogenizing, commercialized, Americanized tendencies of the global econom y and culture with anti-modernizing Jihadist movements that affirm traditional cultures and are resistant to aspects of liberal globalization.Thomas Friedman (1999) makes a more benign distinction between what he calls the Lexus and the Olive Tree. The former is a symbol of modernization, of affluence and luxury, and of Westernized consumption, contrasted with the Olive Tree that is a symbol of roots, tradition, place, and stable community. Barber (1996), however, is too negative toward McWorld and Jihad, failing to adequately describe the democratic and progressive forces within both(prenominal)(prenominal). Although Barber recognizes a dialectic of McWorld and Jihad, he opposes both to democracy, failing to perceive how they generate their own democratic forces and tendencies, as well as opposing and undermining democratization. Within Western democracies, for instance, in that respect is not just top-down homogenization and corporate domination, but also globalization-from-be low and oppositional hearty movements that desire alternatives to capitalistic globalization.Thus, it is not only traditionalist, non-Western forces of Jihad that oppose McWorld. Likewise, Jihad has its democratizing forces as well as the reactionary Islamic fundamentalists who are now the most demonized elements of the contemporary era, as I talk about below. Jihad, like McWorld, has its contradictions and its potential for democratization, as well as elements of domination and destruction.3 Friedman, by contrast, is too uncritical of globalization, caught up in his own Lexus highconsumption life-style, failing to perceive the depth of the oppressive features of globalization and breadth and extent of fortress and opposition to it. In particular, he fails to articulate the contradictions between capitalism and democracy, and the ways that globalization and its sparing logic undermine democracy as well as encouraging it.Likewise, he does not grasp the harshness of the premodern and Jihadist tendencies that he blithely identifies with the Olive tree, and the reasons why globalization and the West are so strongly resisted in many parts of the world. Hence, it is important to present globalization as a strange amalgam of both homogenizing forces of sameness and uniformity, and heterogeneity, difference, and hybridity, as well as a contradictory mixture of democratizing and anti-democratizing tendencies. On one hand, globalization unfolds a process of standardization in which a globalized mass culture circulates the globe creating sameness and homogeneity everywhere. But globalized culture makes possible unique appropriations and developments all over the world, thus proliferating hybrids, difference, and heterogeneity.4 Every local stage setting involves its own appropriation and reworking of global products and signifiers, thus proliferating difference, otherness, diversity, and variety (Luke and Luke, 2000).Grasping that globalization embodies these contr adictory tendencies at once, that it can be both a force of homogenization and heterogeneity, is crucial to articulating the contradictions of globalization and avoiding one-sided and reductive conceptions. My intention is to present globalization as conflictual, contradictory and open to electrical resistance and democratic intervention and transformation and not just as a monolithic juggernaut of progress or domination as in many other discourses. This goal is advanced by distinguishing between globalization from below and globalization from supra of corporate capitalism and the capitalist state, a distinction that should help us to get a bump sense of how globalization does or does not promote democratization.Globalization from below refers to the ways in which marginalized individuals and social movements and critical pedagogues resist globalization and/or use its institutions and instruments to further democratization and social justice. Yet, one needs to avoid binary normati ve articulations, since globalization from below can have highly conservative and destructive effects, as well as positive ones, while globalization from above can help produce global solutions to problems like terrorism or the environment.Moreover, on one hand, as Michael Peters argues (forthcoming), globalization itself is a kind of war and much militarism has been expansive and globalizing in many historical situations. On the other hand, antiwar and peace movements are also change magnitudely global, hence globalization itself is marked by tensions and contradictions. Thus, while on one level, globalization significantly increases the supremacy of big corporations and big government, it can also give power to groups and individuals that were previously go forth out of the democratic dialogue and terrain of political struggle. Such potentially positive effects of globalization let in increased access to education for individuals excluded from sharing culture and knowledge and t he possibility of oppositional individuals and groups to participate in global culture and politics through gaining access to global communication and media networks and to circulate local struggles and oppositional ideas through these media.The constituent of information technologies in social movements, political struggle, and everyday life forces social movements and critical theorists to reconsider their political strategies and goals and democratic theory to appraise how new technologies do and do not promote democratization (Kellner, 1995b, 1997 and 1999b stovepipe and Kellner 2001 Kahn and Kellner 2003). In their book conglomerate, Hardt and Negri (2000) present contradictions within globalization in terms of an imperializing logic of Empire and an sort of struggles by the multitude, creating a contradictory and tension-full situation.As in my conception, Hardt and Negri present globalization as a complex process that involves a multidimensional mixture of expansions of t he global economy and capitalist market system, information technologies and media, spread out judicial and legal modes of governance, and emergent modes of power, sovereignty, and resistance.5 Combining poststructuralism with autonomous Marxism, Hardt and Negri stress political openings and possibilities of struggle within Empire in an optimistic and buoyant text that envisages progressive democratization and self-valorization in the turbulent process of the restructuring of capital. some theorists, by contrast, have argued that one of the trends of globalization is depoliticization of publics, the decline of the nation-state, and the end of traditional politics (Boggs, 2000). While I would agree that globalization is promoted by extremely powerful economic forces and that it often undermines democratic movements and decision-making, one should also note that there are openings and possibilities for a globalization from below that inflects globalization for positive and progressiv e ends, and that globalization can thus help promote as well as destabilize democracy.6 Globalization involves both a disorganization and reorganization of capitalism, a turbulent restructuring process, which creates openings for progressive social change and intervention as well as highly destructive transformative effects.On the positive ledger, in a more liquid and open economic and political system, oppositional forces can gain concessions, win victories, and effect progressive changes. During the 1970s, new social movements, new nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and new forms of struggle and solidarity emerged that have been expanding to the present day (Hardt and Negri, 2000 Burbach, 2001 Best and Kellner, 2001 and Foran, 2003). The anti-corporate globalization of the 1990s emerged as a form of globalization from below, but so too did Al Qaeda and various global terror networks, which intensified their attacks and helped generate an era of Terror War. This made it difficu lt simply to affirm globalization from below while denigrating globalization from above, as clearly terrorism was an emergent and dangerous form of globalization from below that was a threat to peace, security, and democracy.Moreover, in the face of Bush administration unilateralism and militarism, multilateral approaches to the problems of terrorism called for global responses and alliances to a wide range of global problems (see Kellner 2003b and Barber 2003), thus demanding a progressive and oecumenic globalization to deal with contemporary challenges. Moreover, the present conjuncture is marked by a conflict between growing centralization and organization of power and wealth in the hands of the few contrasted with opposing processes exhibiting a fragmentation of power that is more plural, multiple, and open to contestation. As the following analysis will suggest, both tendencies are evident and it is up to individuals and groups to find openings for progressive political inter vention, social transformation, and the democratization of education that pursue positive determine such(prenominal) as democracy, human rights, literacy, equality, ecological preservation and restoration, and social justice, while fighting poverty, ignorance, terror, and injustice.Thus, rather than just denouncing globalization, or engaging in celebration and legitimation, a critical theory of globalization reproaches those aspects that are oppressive, while seizing upon opportunities to fight domination and exploitation and to promote democratization, justice, and a forward looking reconstruction of the polity, society, and culture. Against capitalist globalization from above, there has been a significant eruption of forces and subcultures of resistance that have attempted to preserve ad hoc forms of culture and society against globalization and homogenization, and to create alternative forces of society and culture, thus exhibiting resistance and globalization from below. abou t dramatically, peasant and guerrilla movements in Latin America, labor unions, students, and environmentalists throughout the world, and a variety of other groups and movements have resisted capitalist globalization and attacks on previous rights and benefits.7 Several dozen peoples organizations from nearly the world have protested World Trade Organization (WTO) policies and a funk against globalization is visible everywhere. Politicians who once championed trade agreements like GATT and NAFTA are now often quiet about these arrangements or example, at the 1996 one-year Davos World Economic Forum its founder and managing director published a warning entitled number 1 Taking the Backlash Against Globalization Seriously. Reports surfaced that major(ip) representatives of the capitalist system converseed fear that capitalism was getting too mean and predatory, that it needs a kinder and gentler state to ensure order and harmony, and that the welfare state may make a come-back ( see the article in New York Times, February 7, 1996 A15).8 One should take such reports with the proverbial caryopsis of salt, but they express fissures and openings in the system for critical discourse and intervention.Indeed, by 1999, the theme of the annual Davos concourse was making globalization work for ugly countries and minimizing the differences between the haves and have nots. The growing divisions between rich and poor were worrying some globalizers, as were the wave of crises in Asian, Latin American, and other ontogenesis countries. In pile Flanigans report in the Los Angeles Times (Febr. 19, 1999), the main theme is to spread the wealth. In a world frightened by glaring imbalances and the weakness of economies from Indonesia to Russia, the talk is no longer of a new world economy getting stronger but of ways to keep the engine going.In particular, the globalizers were attempting to keep economies growing in the more developed countries and capital flowing to develo ping nations. U.S. Vice- chairperson Al Gore called on all countries to rachis economic growth, and he proposed a new U.S.-led initiative to eliminate the debt burdens of developing countries. South African President Nelson Mandela asked Is globalization only for the powerful? Does it offer nothing to the men, women and children who are ravaged by the violence of poverty?As the new millennium opened, there was no clear answer to Mandelas question. In the 2000s, there have been ritual proclamations of the need to make globalization work for the developing nations at all major meetings of global institutions like the WTO or G-8 convenings. For instance, at the September 2003 WTO meeting at Cancun, organizers claimed that its goal was to fashion a new trade agreement that would reduce poverty and boost development in poorer nations. But critics pointed out that in the past years the richer nations of the U.S., Japan, and Europe continued to enforce trade tariffs and provide subsidies for national producers of goods such as agriculture, while forcing poorer nations to open their markets to free trade, thus bankrupting agricultural sectors in these countries that could not compete. Significantly, the September 2003 WTO trade talks in Cancun collapsed as leaders of the developing world concurred with protestors and blocked expansion of a free trade zone that would mainly benefit the US and overdeveloped countries.Likewise, in Miami in November 2003 the Free-Trade Summit collapsed without an agreement as the police violently suppressed protestors.9 Moreover, major economists like Joseph Stiglitz (2002), as well as anti-corporate globalization protestors and critics, argued that the developing countries were not adequately benefiting under current corporate globalization policies and that divisions between the rich and poor nations were growing. nether these conditions, critics of globalization were calling for radically new policies that would help the developing co untries, regulate the rich and overdeveloped countries, and provide more power to working people and local groups. The Global Movement Against Capitalist Globalization With the global economic recession and the Terror War erupting in 2001, the situation of many developing countries has worsened.As part of the backlash against globalization in recent years, a wide range of theorists have argued that the proliferation of difference and the shift to more local discourses and practices best define the contemporary scene. In this view, theory and politics should shift from the level of globalization (and its accompanying often totalizing and macro dimensions) in order to focal point on the local, the specific, the particular, the heterogeneous, and the micro level of everyday experience. An array of theories associated with poststructuralism, postmodernism, feminism, and multiculturalism focus on difference, otherness, marginality, the personal, the particular, and the concrete in contr ast to more general theory and politics that aim at more global or universal conditions.10 Likewise, a broad spectrum of subcultures of resistance have focused their attention on the local level, organizing struggles around identity issues such as gender, race, intimate preference, or youth subculture (see Kahn and Kellner, 2003). It can be argued that such dichotomies as those between the global and the local express contradictions and tensions between crucial constitutive forces on the present scene. It may be a mistake to focus on one side of the global/local polarity in favor of exclusive concern with the other side (Cvetkovitch and Kellner, 1997). Hence, an important challenge for a critical theory of globalization is to think through the relationships between the global and the local by observing how global forces influence and even structure an increasing number of local situations.